The purity of water refers to the relative content of impurities in the water. Natural water contains many impurities, which can be divided into three categories based on particle size: suspended substances, colloidal substances, and dissolved substances. The so-called suspended substance refers to substances with a particle diameter of 10-1mm or more suspended in water, such as soil, sand, algae, plant remains, and bacteria; Colloidal substances refer to charged colloidal particles in water, with a particle size generally between 10-9 and 10-5mm, such as compounds of silicon, iron, aluminum, and some high molecular organic compounds such as humus, as well as some bacteria and viruses within this particle size range; Dissolved substances refer to solutes or gases dissolved in water in a molecular or ionic state, such as chlorides, sulfates, heavy metal ions, oxygen, carbon dioxide, etc.

Impurities in natural water have a significant impact on water quality. For example, suspended sediment and clay can cause water turbidity, algae and protozoa can give water color and odor, and bacteria can cause disease and corrosion; Colloidal substances (such as silica gel) can cause scaling, while polymer compounds (such as humic acid colloids) can make water turbid and produce adsorption and deposition; Calcium and magnesium salts in soluble substances are the main factors contributing to the hardness of water, while carbonates can increase the alkalinity of water.

People's understanding of water has gradually deepened with the development of water production technology. In the early days, distilled water was treated as pure water, and its electrical resistivity was usually only 0.10-0.52M0 · cm at 25 ℃, with a total solid content of up to 1-5mg/L. With the development of technology, many industries such as pharmaceuticals, chemicals, and especially the electronics industry have put forward increasingly high requirements for water quality. Only high purity water or ultra pure water with higher water quality indicators can meet the demand. The so-called high-purity water or ultrapure water refers to water with a resistivity of no less than 18M0 · cm and a total solid content of no more than tens of micrograms per liter at 25 ℃, and the content of microorganisms, dissolved gases, colloids, and solid particles is also close to zero.

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