There are two main types of water pollution: one is natural pollution, and the other is pollution caused by human factors. The most harmful factor to water bodies today is anthropogenic pollution. Water pollution can be classified into three major categories based on the different types of pollution residues: biological pollution, physical pollution, and chemical pollution.

1、 Biological pollution

The treatment of domestic sewage, especially hospital sewage and some chemical wastewater, can usually bring some microorganisms to the water after polluting it. For example, some pathogenic bacteria that originally existed in the gastrointestinal tract of humans and animals, such as typhoid fever theory, paratyphoid fever, infectious disease bacteria, etc., can enter the water body according to the pollution of human and animal excreta and spread with the fluidity of the water. Some viral infections, such as hepatitis B virus and parainfluenza virus, are also often found in polluted water. Some parasitic infections, such as amoebic dysentery, vampire disease, and Neisseria meningitidis, can also spread through water. Avoiding microbial contamination of water bodies is also a major research topic for protecting the ecological environment and ensuring physical health.

2、 Physical pollution

Physical pollution includes:

1. Floating substance pollution: floating substance refers to the insoluble substances in water, including solid substances and plastic foam. They are caused by soil erosion in water or fields caused by the discharge of waste from domestic sewage treatment, waste and mining, engineering construction, food industry, papermaking industry, etc. Floating substances harm the appearance of water bodies, hinder the photosynthesis of green plants in the water, reduce the integration of CO2, and are not good for aquatic organisms.

2. Heat pollution: cooling circulating water from various industrial production processes. If effective measures are not taken and immediately discharged into the water, it is likely to cause temperature rise, reduced dissolved oxygen content, and increased toxic side effects of some toxic substances in the water, which seriously endangers the growth and development of fish species and aquatic organisms.

3. Radioactive material pollution: Due to the development trend of nuclear energy industry production, the mining of radioactive material mines, the establishment of nuclear experiments and nuclear power plants, and the use of radioactive nuclides in industries such as medicine, industrial production, and scientific research, radioactive wastewater and waste have significantly increased, leading to certain levels of radioactive material pollution.

3、 Chemical pollution

The pollution residue is caused by organic chemical substances, resulting in water pollution. Acid pollution can be divided into 6 categories based on actual pollution residues:

1. Inorganic pollutants: Inorganic pollutants that pollute water bodies include acids, alkalis, and some inorganic salts. Strong acid and alkali pollution causes changes in the pH value of water bodies, hinders nitrogen cycling, and continues to erode ships and buildings in the water, posing a threat to the aquaculture industry.

2. Inorganic toxic substances: Inorganic toxic substances that pollute water bodies are mainly substances with potential long-term hazards such as excessive heavy metals, and key elements include mercury, cadmium, lead, arsenic, and other elements.

3. Organic chemical toxic substances: Organic chemical toxic substances that pollute water mainly include various chemical pesticides, benzene series compounds, fatty hydrocarbons, etc. Most of them are artificial substances with stable physical properties that are difficult to dissolve by living organisms.

4. Aerobic pollutants: Organic chemicals such as sugars, proteins, human fats, phenols, alcohols, etc. commonly found in domestic sewage treatment and some chemical wastewater can be dissolved under the efficacy of microbial strains. During the entire dissolution process, a lot of CO2 is required, hence it is called an aerobic pollutant.

5. Plant nutrients: mainly refer to plant nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus in daily life and industrial production wastewater, as well as residual nitrogen and phosphorus in field drainage pipelines.

F Raw oil pollutants: The key refers to the pollution of water by crude oil, especially in deep-sea oil fields and cargo ship safety accidents.

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